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Testpagina Baureihe VT 08 bewerken

De Baureihe VT 08, later Baureihe 608.5 en 613 was een dieseltreinstel van de Deutsche Bundesbahn. Voordat voldoende VT 11.5 treinstellen beschikbaar waren zijn zij, evenals de vooroorlogse VT 07, ook voor de TEE-dienst ingezet.

Baureihe VT 085 bewerken

Baureihe VT 085, VT 126
DB-Baureihe 608.5, 613
 
Een VT 08 in 1953 in Oberscheden
Aantal 20 Motorwagens
22 Tussenwagens
13 Stuurstandwagens
Fabrikant MAN (motorwagens), Waggonbau Donauwörth, Rathgeber (tussen- en stuurstandwagens)
Bouwjaar 1952 - 1954
Uit dienst 1985
Asindeling B’2’+2’2’+2’B’dh
Spoorwijdte 1435 mm (normaalspoor)
Massa 121,4 ton (driedelig, leeggewicht)
Lengte over buffers 77.810 mm (driedelig)
Maximumsnelheid 140 km/h
Techniek
Vermogen 1000 pk
Portaal      Openbaar vervoer
Verkeer & Vervoer

De Baureihe VT 085 is een voormalige, voor het eerst in 1952 gebouwde, diesel-motorwagen van de Deutsche Bundesbahn. Hij werd samen met niet aangedreven tussen- en stuurstandwagens als drie- of vierdelig treinstel ingezet. Met name bij de vierdelige treinstellen werd in plaats van de stuurstandwagen ook vaak een tweede motorwagen gebruikt. Het vermogen van een motorwagen bedroeg 1000 pk, de topsnelheid was 140 km/h. Uit het voorhanden wagenpark, dat uit 20 motorwagens 22 tussen- en 13 stuurstandwagens bestond, werden oorspronkelijk 14 treinstellen gevormd en in het langeafstands verkeer ingezet.

Door de VT 085 werd op 2 juni 1957 het TEE-tijdperk geopend. De treinstellen werden echter al snel door de nieuwe TEE-motorwagens van de VT 11.5-serie vervangen. In de jaren 60 begon men met de ombouw naar de serie VT 126, waarbij de motorwagens met de uiterlijk nagenoeg identieke serie VT 125 voor lokaalverkeer in overeenstemming gebracht werden. In 1968 kreeg de serie VT 085 het EDV-nummer 608.5, de al in VT 126 omgebouwde motorwagens werden de serie 613. De serie 608.5 verdween op 10 februari 1971 met de laatste ombouw en omnummering naar de serie 613 uit de bestanden van de DB. Als serie 613 werden de voormalige VT 085's voornamelijk vanuit Braunschweig voor het lokaalverkeer van het Harz-gebied ingezet. De laatste van de oorspronkelijk 20 motorwagens van het type 613 werden midden jaren 80 bij Bw Braunschweig uit dienst genomen.

Der VT 085 ist auch aus dem Spielfilm Das Wunder von Bern als Weltmeisterzug bekannt. Der für den Spielfilm dem historischen Vorbild entsprechend mit „Fussball-Weltmeister 1954“ beschriftete Zug ist heute im Besitz des DB-Museums und wird von der BSW-Gruppe Braunschweig betreut. Dieser Triebzug wird Bahn-intern als Baureihe 688 geführt. Da die Deutsche Bahn sich aus Kostengründen dagegen entschieden hat, erneut in eine im August 2007 fällig gewesene Hauptuntersuchung zu investieren, wurde im April 2008 entschieden, den Zug als Dauerleihgabe in den Lokpark an der Borsigstraße nach Braunschweig[1] zu übergeben, wo er nun von den Braunschweiger Verkehrsfreunden gepflegt wird. Der Lokpark ist der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich und gehört zum am 13. April 2008 eröffneten Freilichtmuseum Braunschweiger ZeitSchiene.

Baureihe VT 088 bewerken

Baureihe VT 088
Baureihe 608.8
Afbeelding gewenst
Aantal 6 Motorwagens
6 Stuurstandwagens
Bouwjaar 1956
Uit dienst 1973 - 1974, 1991
Asindeling B’2’+2’B’dh
Techniek
Vermogen 736 kw
Portaal      Openbaar vervoer
Verkeer & Vervoer

Der zweiteilige Dieseltriebwagen VT 088 basiert auf dem VT 085. Er wurde von der United States Army in sechs Exemplaren beschafft und in Deutschland eingesetzt. Das erste Baujahr war 1956, die Achsfolge Bo'Bo', die Leistung betrug 736 kW und die Höchstgeschwindigkeit 140 km/h. Die Wagen waren als luxuriöse Salontriebwagen (VT 08 801-802) sowie als Lazarett-Triebwagen (VT 08 803-806) eingerichtet. Fünf der Triebwagen (608 802– 806) wurden bis 1974 ausgemustert, der 608 801 (Spitzname: „Der General“) war dagegen bis 1991 im Einsatz. Bei einem Umbau Ende der 1980er Jahre wurden die ehemals geteilten Frontfenster durch ein durchgehendes Fenster, ähnlich dem der Baureihe 103, ersetzt. An Stelle der Scharfenbergkupplungen des VT 085 erhielt der Triebwagen verkleidete Puffer und Schraubenkupplungen. Die Lackierung erfolgte in den TEE-Farben Beige und Rot. Der letzte verbliebene Triebwagen (608 801) war jahrelang im Gleisvorfeld des Heidelberger Hauptbahnhofs abgestellt. Er wurde dann von der GVG Verkehrsorganisation GmbH (GVG) gekauft. 2007 erhielt das Fahrzeug eine Hauptuntersuchung in den Regental Fahrzeugwerkstätten GmbH und wurde blau/beige umlackiert.

[[Categorie:Duits spoorwegmaterieel|VT 08]] [[de:DB-Baureihe VT 08]]

Testpagina Rang (adel) bewerken

Rangen in de adelstand

 
Kroon der Nederlanden

keizer & keizerin
koning & koningin
groothertog & groothertogin
aartshertog & aartshertogin
prins & prinses
infant & infanta
hertog & hertogin
markies & markiezin

markgraaf & markgravin

graaf/earl & gravin
burggraaf & burggravin
baron & barones
baronet & baronetess

Edler & Edle, ridder

geridderde & Dame

De traditionele rangorde onder de Europese adel is geworteld in de late oudheid en de middeleeuwen. Hoewel er per periode en regio verschillen bestaan (bijvoorbeeld de rang van prins in de ene regio kan overeenkomen met die van groothertog in de andere), geeft de volgende lijst een redelijk compleet beeld van zowel algemene rangen als bepaalde verschillen.

Rangen en titels bewerken

Soeverein vorst bewerken

Zie ook monarch

  • specific to one or a few realms
    • Pope ( also "Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church and Vicar of Christ"); the Pope is also the absolute ruler of the sovereign state The Vatican City
    • Tsar (or Czar) in Serbian, Bulgarian, Russian, and Croatian, derives from Caesar, i.e. Emperor; Meant to claim the imperial dignity, in its Russian and Bulgarian usages
    • Maharajah, in India, Nepal, (et cetera) "Maha" a prefix meaning highest, and "Rajah" meaning king, hence "highest king", Emperor.
    • Shahanshah, Shah of Shahs, hence Emperor.
    • Khakhan, Khan of Khans, hence Emperor.
    • Caliph, ruling a caliphate is an Islamic title indicating the successor to Muhammad, who is both a religious and a secular leader
    • Rajah, In India, Nepal,(et cetera), title used for denoting the ruler of a kingdom.
    • Shah, in Iran (Persia), Referring to the Shahanshah (Emperor).
    • Khan (Mongol, or Turkic) rules a khanate (mainly Central Asian, but also existed in Mongol/Turkic territory in Russia, Ukraine, the Crimea, the Middle East centered around present-day Iran, and parts of India)
    • Archduke, before 1806 the title of the ruler of the archduchy of Austria
    • Grand Duke, ruling[2] a grand duchy
    • Grand Prince, a title primarily used in the medieval Russian principalities.
    • High King, used in Gaelic and Hellenic culture to designate one who ruled over lesser kings
    • Archduke, ruling an archduchy; was generally only a sovereign rank when used by the rulers of Austria; it is also used by the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire for members of the imperial family
    • Duke, rules[2] a duchy[3], also for junior members of ducal and some grand ducal families
    • Prince, Prinz in German; junior members of a royal, ducal or princely family (the title of Fürst for heads of princely families and sometimes all members, e.g. Wrede)
      • In particular Crown Prince, Kronprinz in German, was reserved for the heir apparent of an emperor or king
    • Infante, title of the cadet members of the royal families of Portugal and Spain
    • Elector, Kurfürst in German, a rank for those who voted for the Holy Roman Emperor, usually sovereign of a state (e.g. the Margrave of Brandenburg, an elector, called the Elector of Brandenburg)
    • Marquess, Margrave, or Marquis was the ruler¹ of a marquessate, margraviate, or march
    • Landgrave, a German title, ruler of a landgraviate
    • Count, theoretically the ruler of a county; known as an Earl in modern Britain
    • Viscount (vice-count), theoretically the ruler of a viscounty or viscountcy
    • Freiherr, holder of an allodial barony – these are "higher" level of barons[bron?]
    • Baron, theoretically the ruler of a barony – some barons in some countries may have been "free barons" (liber baro) and as such, regarded (themselves) as higher barons

Regarding the titles of duke and prince: in Germany, a sovereign duke (Herzog) outranks a sovereign prince (Fürst), but a royal cadet prince (Prinz) outranks a cadet duke of a ducal or grand ducal family. In the German nobility as well, being created a duke was a higher honour than being created a prince. The issue of a duke were sometimes styled as dukes or as princes; princely issue were styled as princes. In particular, the heir apparent to a certain title would usually append the prefix Erb- (hereditary) to their respective title, e.g. Erbherzog, Erbprinz, Erbgraf, Erbherr etc, to distinguish from their junior siblings.

Aristocratic bewerken

    • Baronet is a hereditary title ranking below Baron but above Knight
    • Nobile (aristocracy) is an Italian title of nobility ranking between that of a baron and a knight (equivalent of Baronet)
    • Dominus (title) Dominus was the Latin title of the feudal, superior and mesne, lords, and also an ecclesiastical and academical title (Equivalent of Lord)
    • Vidame, a minor French aristocrat
    • Fidalgo or Hidalgo, a minor Portuguese and Spanish aristocrat (respectively; from filho d'algo = filho d'alguém = son of someone [important])
    • Seigneur or Knight of the Manor rules a smaller local fief
    • Knight is the basic rank of the aristocratic system
    • Jonkheer a title for prestigious Dutch families that never received a title, instead a new title was invented. Though these titles have no claim to a territory, city, or province in the Netherlands, they are basically claiming a good family name. A woman who holds this title is called a Jonkvrouw, though the wife of a Jonkheer is a Mevrouw or sometimes Freule, which could also be used by daughters of the same.
    • Esquire is a rank of gentry originally derived from Squire and indicating the status of an attendant to a knight or an apprentice knight; it ranked below Knight but above Gentleman[4]

In Germany, the actual rank of the holder of a title is, however, dependent on not only the title as such, but on for instance the degree of sovereignty and on the rank of the lord of the title-holder. But also such matters as the age of the princely dynasty play a role (Uradel, Briefadel, altfürstliche, neufürstliche, see: German nobility). Thus, any sovereign ruler is higher than any formerly sovereign, i.e. mediatized, family of any rank (thus, the Fürst of Waldeck, sovereign until 1918, was higher than the Duke of Arenberg, mediatized). Members of a formerly sovereign house rank higher than the regular nobility. Among the regular nobility, those whose titles derive from the Holy Roman Empire rank higher than those whose titles were granted by one of the German princes after 1806, no matter what title was held.

In Austria, nobility titles may no longer be used since 1918.[5]

In Germany, the constitution of the Weimar Republic in 1919 abolished nobility and all nobility titles. They are now merely part of the family name, and there is no more right to the traditional forms of address (e.g., "Hoheit" or "Durchlaucht"). The last title was conferred on 12 November 1918 to Kurt von Klefeld.

In Switzerland, nobility titles are prohibited and are not recognized as part of the family name.

General chart of "translations" between languages bewerken

Below is a comparative table of corresponding royal and noble titles in various European countries. Quite often, a Latin 3rd declension noun formed a distinctive feminine title by adding -issa to its base, but usually the 3rd declension noun was used for both male and female nobles, except for Imperator and Rex. 3rd declension nouns are italicized in this chart. See Royal and noble styles to learn how to address holders of these titles properly.

English French Italian Spanish German Dutch Norwegian Swedish Czech Slovak Finnish[6] Polish[7] Russian Danish Greek Portuguese[8] Slovene Welsh Latin[9] Turkish Maltese
Emperor,
Empress 		Empereur,
Imperatrice 		Imperatore,
Imperatrice 		Emperador,
Emperatriz 		Kaiser,
Kaiserin 		Keizer,
Keizerin 		Keiser,
Keiserinne 		Kejsare,
Kejsarinna 		Císař,
Císařovna 		Cisár,
Cisárovná 		Keisari,
Keisarinna (or Keisaritar, obsolete) 		Cesarz,
Cesarzowa 		Imperator/Tsar,
Imperatritsa/Tsaritsa 		Kejser,
Kejserinde 		Aftokrator,
Aftokratira 		Imperador,
Imperatriz 		Cesar,
Cesarica 		Ymerawdwr,
Ymerodres 		Imperator/Caesar,
Imperatrix/Caesarina 		İmparator,
İmparatoriçe 		Imperatur,
Imperatriċi
King,
Queen 		Roi,
Reine 		Re,
Regina 		Rey,
Reina 		König,
Königin 		Koning,
Koningin 		Konge,
Dronning 		Kung,
Drottning 		Král,
Královna 		Kráľ,
Kráľovná 		Kuningas,
Kuningatar 		Król,
Królowa 		Koról,
Koroléva 		Konge
Dronning 		Vasilefs,
Vasilissa 		Rei,
Rainha 		Kralj,
Kraljica 		Brenin,
Brenhines 		Rex,
Regina 		Kral,
Kraliçe 		Re,
Reġina
Grand Duke/Grand Prince,
Grand Duchess/Grand Princess 		Grand Duc,
Grande Duchesse 		Granduca,
Granduchessa 		Gran Duque,
Gran Duquesa 		Großherzog/Großfürst,
Großherzogin/Großfürstin 		Groothertog,
Groothertogin 		Storhertug,
Storhertuginne 		Storfurste,
Storfurstinna 		Velkovévoda,
Velkovévodkyně 		Veľkovojvoda,
Veľkovojvodkyňa 		Suuriruhtinas,
Suuriruhtinatar 		Wielki Książę,
Wielka Księżna 		Velikiy Knyaz,
Velikaya Kniagina 		Storhertug,
Storhertuginde 		Megas Doux, Megali Doukissa Grão-Duque,
Grã-Duquesa 		Veliki vojvoda,
Velika vojvodinja 		Archddug,
Archdduges 		Magnus Dux/ Magnus Princeps,
magna ducissa, magna principissa 		Grandük,
Grandüşes 		Gran Duka,
Gran Dukessa
Archduke,
Archduchess 		Archiduc, Archiduchesse Arciduca,
Arciduchessa 		Archiduque,
Archiduquesa 		Erzherzog,
Erzherzogin 		Aartshertog,
Aartshertogin  		Erkehertug,
Erkehertuginne 		Ärkehertig,
ärkehertiginna 		Arcivévoda,
Arcivévodkyně 		Arcivojvoda,
Arcivojvodkyňa 		Arkkiherttua,
Arkkiherttuatar 		Arcyksiążę
Arcyksiężna 		Ertsgertsog,
Ertsgertsoginya 		Ærke Hertug,
Ærke Hertuginde 		Archidoux, Archidoukissa Arquiduque,
Arquiduquesa; 		Nadvojvoda,
Nadvojvodinja 		Archddug,
Archdduges 		Archidux,
archiducissa 		Arşidük,
Arşidüşes 		Arċiduka,
Arċidukessa
(Prince)-Elector,
Electress 		Prince-électeur,
Princesse-électrice 		Principe Elettore,
Principessa Elettrice 		Príncipe Elector,
Princesa Electora; 		Kurfürst,
Kurfürstin 		Keurvorst,
Keurvorstin 		Kurfyrste,
Kurfyrstinne 		Kurfurste
Kurfurstinna 		Kurfiřt
 Kurfirst/Knieža voliteľ/Knieža volič
 Vaaliruhtinas,
Vaaliruhtinatar 		Książę Elektor,
Księżna Elektorowa 		Kurfyurst,
Kurfyurstina 		Kurfyrste,
Kurfystinde 		Pringkips-Eklektor
Pringkipissa-Eklektorissa 		Príncipe-Eleitor,
Princesa-Eleitora; 		Volilni knez,
Volilna kneginja 		  Princeps Elector Veliaht Prens,
Veliaht Prenses 		Prinċep Elettur,
Prinċipessa Elettriċi
Prince[10],
Princess 		Prince[10],
Princesse 		Principe[10],
Principessa 		Príncipe[10],
Princesa 		Prinz/Fürst,
Prinzessin/Fürstin[11] 		Prins/Vorst,
Prinses/Vorstin 		Prins/Fyrste,
Prinsesse/fyrstinne 		Prins/Furste,
Prinsessa/Furstinna[12] 		Kníže,
Kněžna10 		Knieža,
Kňažná 		Prinssi/Ruhtinas,
Prinsessa/Ruhtinatar[12] 		Książę,
Księżna 		Kniaz/Gertsog,
Kniagina/Gertsoginya[13] 		Prins/Fyrste
Prinsesse/Fyrstinde 		Pringkips
Pringkipissa 		Príncipe,
Princesa 		Knez,
Kneginja 		Tywysog,
Tywysoges 		Princeps,
principissa 		Prens,
Prenses 		Prinċep,
Prinċipessa
Duke,
Duchess 		Duc,
Duchesse 		Duca,
Duchessa 		Duque,
Duquesa 		Herzog,
Herzogin 		Hertog,
Hertogin 		Hertug,
Hertuginne 		Hertig,
hertiginna 		Vévoda,
Vévodkyně 		Vojovda,
Vojvodkyňa 		Herttua,
Herttuatar 		Diuk (Książę),
(Księżna) 		Hertug
Hertuginde 		Doukas/archon
Doux/archontissa 		Duque,
Duquesa 		Vojvoda,
Vojvodinja 		Dug,
Duges 		Dux,
ducissa 		Dük,
Düşes 		Duka,
Dukessa
Marquess/Margrave,
Marchioness/Margravine 		Marquis,
Marquise 		Marchese,
Marchesa 		Marqués,
Marquesa 		Markgraf[14],
Markgräfin 		Markies/Markgraaf,
Markiezin/Markgravin 		Marki,
Markise 		Markis/markgreve,
markisinna/markgrevinna[12] 		Markýz/Markrabě[15] Markíz,
Markíza 		Markiisi/rajakreivi,
Markiisitar/rajakreivitär 		Markiz/Margrabia,
Markiza/Margrabina 		Markiz,
Markiza,
Boyar,
Boyarina[13] 		Markis,
Markise 		Markissios,
Markissia 		Marquês,
Marquesa 		Markiz,
Markiza 		Marcwis/Ardalydd,
Ardalyddes 		Marchio,
marchionissa 		Marki,
Markiz 		Markiż,
Markiża
Earl / Count,
Countess 		Comte,
Comtesse 		Conte,
Contessa 		Conde,
Condesa 		Graf,
Gräfin 		Graaf,
Gravin 		Jarl / Greve,
Grevinne 		Greve,
Grevinna 		Hrabě,
Hraběnka 		Gróf,
Grófka 		Kreivi/(brit:)jaarli,
Kreivitär[12] 		Hrabia,
Hrabina 		Graf,
Grafinya[13] 		Greve
Grevinde, Komtesse 		Komis,
Komissa 		Conde,
Condessa[16] 		Grof,
Grofica 		Iarll/Cownt,
Iarlles/Cowntes 		Comes,
comitissa 		Kont,
Kontes 		Konti,
Kontessa
Viscount,
Viscountess 		Vicomte,
Vicomtesse 		Visconte,
Viscontessa 		Vizconde,
Vizcondesa 		Vizegraf,
Vizegräfin 		Burggraaf,
Burggravin 		Vikomte,
Visegrevinne 		Vicegreve,
vicegrevinna 		Vikomt Vikomt,
Vikontesa 		Varakreivi,
Varakreivitär 		Wicehrabia,
Wicehrabina 		Vikont,
Vikontessa 		Vicegreve,
Vicegrevinde/Vicekomtesse 		Ypokomis, Ypokomissa Visconde,
Viscondessa 		Vikont,
Vikontinja 		Iarll,
Iarlles 		Vicecomes,
vicecomitissa 		Vikont,
Vikontes 		Viskonti,
Viskontessa
Baron,
Baroness 		Baron,
Baronne 		Barone,
Baronessa 		Barón,
Baronesa 		Baron, Herr,
Baronin, Frau 		Baron,
Barones(se) 		Baron,
Baronesse 		Baron, Herre,
Baronessa, Fru 		Baron,
Baronka 		Barón,
Barónka 		Paroni, Herra,
Paronitar, Rouva/ Herratar[12] 		Baron,
Baronowa 		Baron,
Baronessa 		Baron,
Baronesse 		Varonos,
Varoni 		Barão,
Baronesa 		Baron,
Baronica 		Barwn,
Barwnes 		Baro,
baronissa 		Baron,
Barones 		Baruni,
Barunessa
Baronet[17]
Baronetess 		Baronnet Nobile / Nob.   Edler,
Edle 		Erfridder     Baronet   Baronetti, "Herra" (=fiefholder),
Herratar 		Baronet Baronet Baronet,
Baronetesse 		Baronetos, Baroneta Baronete,
Baronetesa; 		Baronet,
Baronetinja 		Barwnig,
Barwniges 		  Baronet,
Baronetes 		Barunett
Knight[18] Chevalier Cavaliere Caballero Ritter Ridder Ridder Riddare/ Frälseman,
Fru[12] 		Rytíř Rytier Aatelinen/Ritari[12]
style of wife: Rouva 		Rycerz/ Kawaler Rytsar Ridder Hippotis Cavaleiro Vitez Marchog Eques Şövalye Kavallier

See also bewerken

References bewerken

  1. ↑ Braunschweiger Zeitung: „Weltmeisterzug bleibt in Braunschweig“
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g Verlies van soevereiniteit of heerlijkheid leidt niet tot verlies van titel. De plaats in de rangorde verandert wel. Heerlijkheden zijn in de loop der tijd veranderd en kunnen van land tot land verschillen.
  3. ↑ Dukes who are not actually or formerly sovereign, such as all British, French, and Spanish dukes, or who are not sons of sovereigns, as titulary dukes in many other countries, should be considered nobles ranking above marquess.
  4. ↑ The meaning of the title Esquire became (and is now) quite diffuse and may indicate anything from no aristocratic status, to some official government civil appointment, or (more historically) the son of a knight or noble who had no other title above just Gentleman.
  5. ↑ Austrian law on noble titles
  6. ↑ Finland accorded the noble ranks of Ruhtinas, Kreivi, Vapaaherra and Aatelinen. The titles Suurherttua, Arkkiherttua, Vaaliruhtinas, Prinssi, Markiisi, Jaarli, Varakreivi, Paroni, and Baronetti were not granted in Finland, though they are used of foreign titleholders. Keisari, Kuningas, Suuriruhtinas, Prinssi, and Herttua have been used as official titles of members of the dynasties that ruled Finland, though not granted as titles of nobility. Some feudally-based privileges in landowning, connected to nobily related lordship, existed into the nineteenth century; and fiefs were common in the late medieval and early modern eras. The title Ritari was not commonly used except in the context of knightly orders. The lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was that of the "Aatelinen" (i.e. "noble").
  7. ↑ In keeping with the principle of equality among noblemen, no noble titles (with few exceptions) below that of prince were allowed in Poland. The titles in italics are simply Polish translations of western titles which were granted to some Polish nobles by foreign monarchs, especially after the partitions. Instead of heraditory titles, the Polish nobility developed and used a set of titles based on offices held. See "szlachta" for more info on Polish nobility.
  8. ↑ Portuguese titles in italic are not used in Portugal
  9. ↑ Latin titles are for etymological comparisons. They do not accurately reflect their medieval counterparts.
  10. ↑ a b c d "Prince" (Prinz in German, Prins in Swedish, Prinssi in Finnish, "Principe" in Spanish) can also be a title of junior members of royal houses. In the British system, for example, prince is not a rank of nobility but a title held exclusively by members of the royal family.
  11. ↑ In central Europe, the title of Fürst or kníže (e.g. Fürst von Liechtenstein) ranks below the title of a duke (e.g. Duke of Brunswick). The title of Vizegraf was not used in German-speaking countries, and the titles of Ritter and Edler were not commonly used.
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g No noble titles were granted after 1906 when the unicameral legislatures (Eduskunta, Riksdag) were established, removing the constitutional status of the so-called First Estate, though noble ranks were granted in Finland until 1917 (there, the lowest, untitled level of hereditary nobility was "Aatelinen", or "noble"; it was in essence a rank, not a title).
  13. ↑ a b c For domestic Russian nobility, only the titles Kniaz and Boyar were used before the 18th century, when Graf was added.
  14. ↑ In the German system by rank approximately equal to Landgraf and Pfalzgraf.
  15. ↑ The title Markýz was not used in Bohemia and thus referred only to foreign nobility, while the title Markrabě (the same as the German Markgraf) is connected only to a few historical territories (including the former marches on the borders of the Holy Roman Empire, or Moravia).
  16. ↑ In Portugal, a baron or viscount who was a "grandee of the kingdom" (Grandes do Reino) was called a "baron with grandness" (Barão com Grandeza) or "viscount with grandness" (Visconde com Grandeza); each of these grandees was ranked as equal to a count.
  17. ↑ Does not confer nobility in the British system.
  18. ↑ Non-hereditary. Does not confer nobility in the British system. See also squire and esquire

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#REDIRECT [[Baureihe VT 08]] [[Categorie:Duits spoorwegmaterieel|805]]

Overgenomen van "https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gebruiker:Snabel/Bak_zand&oldid=32957868"