Ruimtegroep: verschil tussen versies
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Regel 1:
In de [[kristallografie]] en de [[groepentheorie]], een deelgebied van de [[wiskunde]], geeft een '''ruimtegroep'''
== Geschiedenis ==
De ruimtegroepen in drie [[dimensie (algemeen)|dimensie]]s werden
== Ruimtegroepen en dimensie van de ruimte ==
* Een [[Patroon (vorm)|patroon]], dat [[
*
*
: Ruimtegroepen zijn vooral voor de [[kristallografie]] en de structuurbepaling middels [[Röntgenkristallografie|röntgendiffractie]] van groot belang.
*
== Klassificatie van de 230 ruimtegroepen ==
De 230 ruimtegroepen,
{{Zie hoofdartikel|Kristalstructuur|Bravaistralie|Puntgroep}}
Voor de classificatie van de ruimtegroepen wordt gebruikgemaakt van de internationale notatie, dit is de verkorte vorm van de
<!---- twee lege regels ---->
{| class="wikitable"
|- align=center
| bgcolor=#c0ffff |
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 |
| bgcolor=#c0ffff colspan=8|
|- align=center
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffffc0 colspan=8 | [[Triklien kristalstelsel|
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 1
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>1</small>
| ''P''1 || colspan=7|
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | {{overline|1}}
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>2</small>
| ''P''{{overline|1}} || colspan=7 |
|- align=center
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffffc0 colspan=8| [[Monoklien kristalstelsel|
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 2
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>3-5</small>
| ''P''2 || ''P''2<sub>1</sub> || ''C''2 || colspan=5 |
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | ''m''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>6-9</small>
| ''Pm'' || ''Pc'' || ''Cm'' || ''Cc'' || colspan=4 |
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 2/''m''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>10-15</small>
| ''P''2/''m'' || ''P''2<sub>1</sub>/''m'' || ''C''2/''m'' || ''P''2/''c'' || ''P''2<sub>1</sub>/''c'' || ''C''2/''c'' || colspan=2 |
|- align=center
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffffc0 colspan=8 | [[
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" rowspan=2 | 222
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" rowspan=2 | <small>16-24</small>
| ''P''222 || ''P''222<sub>1</sub> || ''P''2<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>2 || ''P''2<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub> || ''C''222<sub>1</sub> || ''C''222 || ''F''222 || ''I''222
|- valign=top
| ''I''2<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub> || colspan=7 |
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" rowspan=3 | ''mm''2
Regel 77 ⟶ 76:
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" rowspan=4 | ''mmm''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" rowspan=4 | <small>47-74</small>
| width=72| ''Pmmm'' || width=72| ''Pnnn'' || width=72| ''Pccm'' || width=72| ''Pban'' || width=72| ''Pmma'' || width=72| ''Pnna'' || width=72| ''Pmna'' || width=72| ''Pcca''
|- valign=top
Regel 88 ⟶ 87:
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffffc0 colspan=8| [[Tetragonaal kristalstelsel|
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 4
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>75-80</small>
| ''P''4 || ''P''4<sub>1</sub> || ''P''4<sub>2</sub> || ''P''4<sub>3</sub> || ''I''4 || ''I''4<sub>1</sub> || colspan=2|
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | {{overline|4}}
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>81-82</small>
| ''P''{{overline|4}} || ''I''{{overline|4}} || colspan=6 |
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 4/''m''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>83-88</small>
| ''P''4/''m'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/''m'' || ''P''4/''n'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/''n'' || ''I''4/''m'' || ''I''4<sub>1</sub>/''a'' || colspan=2 |
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" rowspan=2 | 422
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" rowspan=2 | <small>89-98</small>
| ''P''422 || ''P''42<sub>1</sub>2 || ''P''4<sub>1</sub>22 || ''P''4<sub>1</sub>2<sub>1</sub>2 || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>22 || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>2<sub>1</sub>2 || ''P''4<sub>3</sub>22 || ''P''4<sub>3</sub>2<sub>1</sub>2
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| ''I''422 || ''I''4<sub>1</sub>22 || colspan=6|
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" rowspan=2 | 4''mm''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" rowspan=2 | <small>99-110</small>
| ''P''4''mm'' || ''P''4''bm'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>''cm'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>''nm'' || ''P''4''cc'' || ''P''4''nc'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>''mc'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>''bc''
|- valign=top
| ''I''4''mm'' || ''I''4''cm'' || ''I''4<sub>1</sub>''md'' || ''I''4<sub>1</sub>''cd'' || colspan=4 |
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" rowspan=2 | {{overline|4}}2''m''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" rowspan=2 | <small>111-122</small>
| ''P''{{overline|4}}2''m'' || ''P''{{overline|4}}2''c'' || ''P''{{overline|4}}2<sub>1</sub>''m'' || ''P''{{overline|4}}2<sub>1</sub>''c'' || ''P''{{overline|4}}''m''2 || ''P''{{overline|4}}''c''2 || ''P''{{overline|4}}''b''2 || ''P''{{overline|4}}''n''2
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| ''I''{{overline|4}}''m''2 || ''I''{{overline|4}}''c''2 || ''I''{{overline|4}}2''m'' || ''I''{{overline|4}}2''d'' || colspan=4 |
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" rowspan=3 | 4/''mmm''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" rowspan=3 | <small>123-142</small>
| ''P''4/''mmm'' || ''P''4/''mmc'' || ''P''4/''nbm'' || ''P''4/''nnc'' || ''P''4/''mbm'' || ''P''4/''nnc'' || ''P''4/''nmm'' || ''P''4/''ncc''
|- valign=top
| ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/''mmc'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/''mcm'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/''nbc'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/''nnm'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/''mbc'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/''mnm'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/''nmc'' || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>/''ncm''
|- valign=top
| ''I''4/''mmm'' || ''I''4/''mcm'' || ''I''4<sub>1</sub>/''amd'' || ''I''4<sub>1</sub>/''acd'' || colspan=4 |
|- align=center
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffffc0 colspan=8 | [[Trigonaal kristalstelsel|
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 3
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>143-146</small>
| ''P''3 || ''P''3<sub>1</sub> || ''P''3<sub>2</sub> || ''R''3 || colspan=4 |
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | {{overline|3}}
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>147-148</small>
| ''P''{{overline|3}} || ''R''{{overline|3}} || colspan=6 |
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 32
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>149-155</small>
| ''P''312 || ''P''321 || ''P''3<sub>1</sub>12 || ''P''3<sub>1</sub>21 || ''P''3<sub>2</sub>12 || ''P''3<sub>2</sub>21 || ''R''32 ||
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 3''m''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>156-161</small>
| ''P''3''m''1 || ''P''31''m'' || ''P''3''c''1 || ''P''31''c'' || ''R''3''m'' || ''R''3''c'' || colspan=2 |
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | {{overline|3}}''m''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>162-167</small>
| ''P''{{overline|3}}1''m'' || ''P''{{overline|3}}1''c'' || ''P''{{overline|3}}''m''1 || ''P''{{overline|3}}''c''1 || ''R''{{overline|3}}''m'' || ''R''{{overline|3}}''c'' || colspan=2 |
|- align=center
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffffc0 colspan=8| [[Hexagonaal kristalstelsel|
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 6
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle"| <small>168-173</small>
| ''P''6 || ''P''6<sub>1</sub> || ''P''6<sub>5</sub> || ''P''6<sub>2</sub> || ''P''6<sub>4</sub> || ''P''6<sub>3</sub> || colspan=2|
Regel 188 ⟶ 183:
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle"| <small>191-194</small>
| ''P''6/''mmm'' || ''P''6/''mcc'' || ''P''6<sub>3</sub>/''mcm'' || ''P''6<sub>3</sub>/''mmc'' || colspan=4|
|- align=center
|
|
| bgcolor=#ffffc0 colspan=8| [[Kubisch kristalstelsel|
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 23
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>195-199</small>
| ''P''23 || ''F''23 || ''I''23 || ''P''2<sub>1</sub>3 || ''I''2<sub>1</sub>3 || colspan=3|
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | ''m''{{overline|3}}
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>200-206</small>
| ''Pm''{{overline|3}} || ''Pn''{{overline|3}} || ''Fm''{{overline|3}} || ''Fd''{{overline|3}} || ''I''{{overline|3}} || ''Pa''{{overline|3}} || ''Ia''{{overline|3}} ||
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | 432
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>207-214</small>
| ''P''432 || ''P''4<sub>2</sub>32 || ''F''432 || ''F''4<sub>1</sub>32 || ''I''432 || ''P''4<sub>3</sub>32 || ''P''4<sub>1</sub>32 || ''I''4<sub>1</sub>32
|- valign=top bgcolor=#f4f4f4
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" | {{overline|4}}3''m''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" | <small>215-220</small>
| ''P''{{overline|4}}3''m'' || ''F''{{overline|4}}3''m'' || ''I''{{overline|4}}3''m'' || ''P''{{overline|4}}3''n'' || ''F''{{overline|4}}3''c'' || ''I''{{overline|4}}3''d'' || colspan=2 |
|- valign=top
| bgcolor=#c0ffff align=center valign="middle" rowspan=2 | ''m''{{overline|3}}''m''
| bgcolor=#a0ff80 align=center valign="middle" rowspan=2 | <small>221-230</small>
| ''Pm''{{overline|3}}''m'' || ''Pn''{{overline|3}}''n'' || ''Pm''{{overline|3}}''n'' || ''Pn''{{overline|3}}''m'' || ''Fm''{{overline|3}}''m'' || ''Fm''{{overline|3}}''c'' || ''Fd''{{overline|3}}''m'' || ''Fd''{{overline|3}}''c''
|- valign=top
| ''Im''{{overline|3}}''m'' || ''Ia''{{overline|3}}''d'' || colspan=6 |
|}
|