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Een '''marsman''' of '''marsmannetje''' is een lid van de [[hypothese|hypothetische]], [[autochtoon|autochtone bevolking]] van de planeet [[Mars (planeet)|Mars]]. Vroeger werd vaak aangenomen dat Mars bewoond werd, maar hard bewijs is nooit gevonden. Het is mogelijk dat de planeet [[primitief leven]] heeft voortgebracht, maar de wetenschap acht het tegenwoordig niet waarschijnlijk dat er daar ooit [[intelligentie|intelligent]] leven is geweest.
 
De bredere term '''marsiaan''' kan daarnaast ook verwijzen naar marsbewoners na [[ruimtekolonisatie]].
 
Vanwege de vele SF-verhalen overwaarin Marsmannenwezens warenvan zeMars de standaarduitvoeringaarde vanbezoeken, [[buitenaardswerd leven]]het 'marsmannetje' in de [[popcultuur]] gedurende een groot deel van de [[20e eeuw]] de archetypische voorstelling van [[buitenaards leven]]. De door marsmannen (of hun slaven) gegraven [[Kanalen van Mars]] - een optische illusie - zijn tot [[sciencefiction]][[cliché (stijlfiguur)|cliché]] geworden.
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==History of the concept==
The idea of intelligent Martians was popularized by [[Percival Lowell]] and in fiction, especially by [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]]' [[John Carter of Mars|John Carter]] ([[Barsoom]]) Series, [[H.G. Wells]]' ''[[The War of the Worlds (novel)|The War of the Worlds]]'' and [[Ray Bradbury]]'s ''[[The Martian Chronicles]]''. Despite the observation by [[Alfred Wallace]] that Mars' [[Celestial body atmosphere|atmosphere]] was too thin to support an [[Earth]]-like [[ecology]], various depictions of a Martian [[civilization]] were popular throughout the [[20th century]]. The first [[picture]]s of Mars returned by space probes dashed hopes of contacting Martians, although dubious claims of ''past'' Martian civilizations have continued into the twenty-first century (see [[Cydonia (Mars)|Cydonia]] for one such claim).
 
==The real Martians==
{{main|Life on Mars}}
Because of the prevalence of stories containing Martians, the idea of the Martian was for much of the [[20th century]] the default identity of [[extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] characters in popular culture. If Mars is [[colonization of Mars|colonized]] in the future by [[human]]s, the generations descended from the [[settler]]s may well be called Martians. Some members of the [[Mars Society]], an organization devoted to such colonization, semi-humorously describe themselves as "Martians in exile".{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
 
It has been suggested by scientists that life on [[Earth]] actually originated on Mars and that life arrived on Earth via a comet (see [[Panspermia]]).{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
 
==Martians in fiction==
The Martian was a favorite character of classical science fiction; he was frequently found away from his home planet, often invading Earth, but sometimes simply a lonely character representing alienness from his surroundings. Martians, other than human beings transplanted to Mars, became rare in fiction after the visit of the space probe [[Mariner 4]] to Mars, except in exercises of deliberate nostalgia - more frequently in genres such as comics and animation than in written literature.
 
===Literary Martians===
* ''[[The War of the Worlds (novel)|The War of the Worlds]]'' ([[1898]]) by [[H. G. Wells]]. The Martians are an ancient, advanced race with a tentacled, [[squid]]-like appearance. They produce a "red weed", which is what was giving Mars its red color. They invade Earth, in huge tripedal "fighting machines" armed with "heat rays" and "black smoke" (a kind of poison gas), against which human armies of the time are helpless, conquer London and much of England (and possibly other countries as well), use human beings as food, but are overcome by terrestrial microbes.
*There were many "additions" to the Wells novel, for example ''[[Sherlock Holmes]] War of the Worlds'' which describes the adventures of Holmes and Watson in Martian-occupied London. Kevin Anderson edited the anthology "War of the Worlds: Global Dispatches" which describes the events of the Martian invasion as experienced in France, Italy, Russia, India, China, Texas, Alaska, Equatorial Africa and other locations.
* [[Olaf Stapledon]]'s ''[[Last and First Men]]'', a vast future history published in 1930 and spanning billions of years, includes a long and carefully worked-out account of several Martian invasions of Earth over a period of tens of thousands of years. Stapledon's Martians - sentient cloudlets composed of countless microscopic particles and capable of drifting across interplanetary space - are completely different from Wells', yet the book shows his influence and follows the general scheme of a drying and dying Mars and of Martians seeking the warmer and wetter Earth. Much later in the book, the humans themselves flee the dying Earth, invade and colonise Venus and exterminate its native intelligent species.
* [[Raymond Z. Gallun]]'s ''[[Seeds of the Dusk]]'', published in 1938, shows the influence of both Wells and Stapledon, but with a special original twist. In the far future, Earth is invaded by sentient plants from Mars, whose specialty is to make use of planets in their "dusk" - i.e., still liveable but nearing their end. (These plants had actually originated on Ganymede, in the distant past, went on to Mars, continued after long aeons to Earth, and would continue on to Venus when Earth had died too). In this case the invasion is successful and it is the Itorloo, distant descendants of Mankind, who are exterminated by a plague microbe artificially produced by the invaders. But the Itorloo had been an arrogant race, extremely cruel to sentient bird and rodent races which shared the Earth of their time, while the new plant dominant species leaves these alone - so that the reader is left to conclude that on balance, the change might be for the better.
* In four stories by [[Eric Frank Russell]] published in the early 1940s and collected in the classic [[Men Martians and Machines]], humans together with very likable Martians are shipmates who go out together into interstellar space, and guard each other's back while encountering various other aliens. Not accidentally, Russell's humans included blacks as well as whites - quite unusual for the time. The book can be credited with starting the SF sub-genre of spaceships with a mixed human and non-human crew, which was to reach great popularity with [[Star Trek]]. Russell's martians are chess-loving octopoids, with tentacles extending down and out from a central head with large eyes. They can survive in Earth-normal air, but prefer to don low-pressure helmets for comfort. Read today, their description is amusingly similar to that of [[Kang & Kodos]] in [[The Simpsons]].
* [[Ray Bradbury]]'s short story ''The Concrete Mixer'' ([[1949]]) inverts the idea of a Martian invasion: the invaders are welcomed with open arms, and fall victim to a not overtly hostile but nonetheless deadly alien culture -- that of Earth.
*[[John Wyndham (writer)|John Wyndham]] dealt with Martians in two short stories, ''Time to Rest'' (1949) and ''Dumb Martian'' (1952).
* [[Fredric Brown]] wrote ''[[Martians, Go Home]]'' ([[1955]]), a spoof of Wells' Martian invasion concept.
* Many "invasion of Earth" stories owe much to Wells, even when their invaders come from elsewhere in the cosmos. The derivation is especially clear in [[John Christopher]]'s trilogy ''[[The Tripods]]'' ([[1967]]-[[1968]]), depicting boys born on an alien-occupied Earth and dedicating themselves to overthrowing the cruel invaders - who, like Wells' Martians, move about in huge three-legged machines, towering high above the countryside.
*[[Robert A. Heinlein]] repeatedly used Martians (usually, human beings born and bred on Mars) as characters in his novels and short stories, including:
**''[[Double Star]]'' ([[1956]]). The issue of giving Martians the vote becomes a central issue in Earth politics, and the hero eventually overcomes both his own deep-rooted anti-Martian prejudice and the entrenched political power of the bigots, and helps enfranchise the downtrodden Martians (publication of this book coincided with the early [[Civil Rights Movement]] of the Blacks in the US South).
**''[[Stranger in a Strange Land]]'' ([[1961]]). An Earthman raised on Mars returns to Earth and creates chaos. Concerned with philosophical and religious subjects.
**''[[Podkayne of Mars]]'' ([[1963]]). Takes place in space and on Venus, but the main characters originate from a Mars that has been colonized by humans and is an important player in Solar System diplomacy.
 
===Film, television, and radio Martians===
* The [[October 30]], [[1938]] radio broadcast of [[The War of the Worlds (radio)|The War of the Worlds]]. This broadcast was the cause of much confusion when it was aired, with people believing an actual Martian invasion was taking place
* ''[[Looney Tunes]]'' – Included the [[cartoon character]] [[Marvin the Martian]] (1948-), a [[comic foil]] to [[Warner Bros.]] mainstays [[Bugs Bunny]] and [[Daffy Duck]] in several [[animated shorts]].
* ''[[Red Planet Mars]]'' (1952) - Scientist [[Peter Graves (actor)|Peter Graves]] contacts Martians by radio, they respond by preaching Christianity and thus Communism is defeated.
* ''[[Invaders from Mars (1953 film)|Invaders from Mars]]'' (1953) – A film, remade in 1986.
* ''[[Quatermass and the Pit]]'' (1958-9) - A British television serial in which a crashed spacecraft is discovered in [[London]], which reveals that humanity on Earth is the result of experiments by a Martian civilisation, now long dead. It was remade as a film in 1967.
* ''[[My Favorite Martian]]'' (1963-1966) – A television [[comedy]] series and film.
* ''[[Captain Scarlet]]'' (1967-1968) – The Martians at war with [[Earth]] are the [[Mysteron]]s — an invisible race of superbeings hell-bent on revenge after an unprovoked attack on their Martian city by [[Captain Black (Captain Scarlet)|Captain Black]], a Spectrum agent investigating strange alien signals.
* ''[[Spaced Invaders]]'' (1990) – A [[sci-fi]] comedy in which dim-witted Martians attempt to invade a small Illinois town during a re-broadcast of [[Orson Welles]] 1938 "[[The War of the Worlds (radio)|War of the Worlds]]".
* ''[[Biker Mice from Mars]]'' (1993-1995) – A cartoon series about three Martian Mice who crash-land on Earth after their ship is attacked by their enemies, the fish-like Plutarkians. The Mice --leader Throttle, gentle-giant Modo, and wild-mouse Vinnie-- decide to remain on Earth to fight the Plutarkian Lawerence Limburger, who threatens Chicago.
* ''[[Mars Attacks!]]'' (1996), – A [[satire|satirical]] film directed by [[Tim Burton]], based on the equally satirical, unpunctuated [[Topps]] [[trading card]] series ''[[Mars Attacks]]'' ([[1962]]); see below in ''other media'').
 
===Martians in comics===
* In the [[DC Comics]] [[DC Universe|universe]], the [[Martian Manhunter]] (J'onn J'onzz) ([[1955]]) is a superhero and member of the [[Justice League]]. In at least some variations, he is believed to be the last of his race. Other DC creations include [[Miss Martian]] and the [[White Martians]].
* In the future world of [[Marvel Comics]]' ''[[Killraven]]'' ([[1973]]-), the Martian Masters who orchestrated the invasion in ''The War of the Worlds'' returned to Earth a century later and conquered it; they were overthrown by rebels led by the psychic human Jonathan Raven, alias Killraven.
* [[Mark Starks' Martian]] is a superhero graphic novel published in 2006. "Martian" is an intergalactic cop who patrols the galaxy with his female Earthling partner, Terra.
*[[Mr. Martian]] of [[Big Bang Comics]] is an exile from Mars.
* Martians are also rarely-seen protagonists in the web-comic [[It's Walky]]. In IW, Martians have left their dying world, denied themselves the opportinity to invade Earth, and founded a galactic-wide empire. They return to take vengeance on Humanity when the few martians on Earth are killed in an elaborate set-up by an alternate dimensions Human refugees.
* One of the central themes in [[Irregular Webcomic!]] features a small group of Martians, represented by Lego figurines.
* A Martian dragon appears in the fiction-within-a-fiction story "The Heterodyne Boys and the Dragon from Mars", from the steampunk webcomic [[Girl Genius]].
 
===Martians in video games===
* [[LucasArts]]' 1988 graphic adventure game ''[[Zak McCracken and the Alien Mindbenders]]'' deals with Martians looking to make everybody on Earth totally stupid with a device that nulls brainwaves. It's hidden in the [[Cydonia (Mars)|face on Mars]].
* In the video game ''[[Destroy All Humans!]]'' (2005), the Martians were wiped out by the Furons, and in its sequel, ''[[Destroy All Humans! 2]]'' (2006), the Martians come back, but they are known as the Blisk.
* In the video game [[Radical Dreamers]], the main villain appears as a giant, lime-green, Martian octopus in one scenario. Other references to Mars are made throughout this scenario.
 
===Martians in other media===
* The [[1962]] [[trading card]] series ''[[Mars Attacks]]'' (no exclamation point, unlike the [[1996]] [[film]] based on it) depicts an invasion of Earth by hideous, skeletal Martians. The exaggerated, satirical violence of the series made it a [[Cult following|cult]] favorite.
*The [[Misfits]] have various songs related to Martians.
*The [[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] have a song entitled "Death of a Martian"
 
==Zie ook==
*[[Extraterrestrial life]]
*[[Mars in fiction]]
*[[Martian scientist]]
*[[Venusian]]
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== Zie ook ==
*[[Leven op Mars]]
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Overgenomen van "https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsman_(fictief_wezen)"