Länderfinanzausgleich
Het Länderfinanzausgleich is een grondwettelijk solidariteitsmechanisme dat de geldstromen tussen de Duitse deelstaten regelt. Het is tevens gebaseerd op het principe van "gelijkwaardigheid van de levensomstandigheden" voor alle Duitsers.
De huidige regeling van het Länderfinanzausgleich kwam in voege in 2001 en loopt tot 31 december 2019. Maar krijgt vooral veel kritiek van de rijkere deelstaten, die het systeem in vraag stellen. De meeste tegenstand komt van Beieren die het niet neemt dat zij beperkingen moeten opleggen aan hun eigen bevolking. Daarop diende de regering van dit land (CDU-FDP) (2012) een klacht in bij het Grondwettelijk Hof. Zodoende wil Beieren een halt toe roepen aan het eenrichtingsverkeer.[1] De klacht is ingetrokken na hervormingen van het systeem in de periode 2019-2020 die de directe betalingen hervormde tot indirecte betalingen.
De minister van financiën van Beieren Markus Söder is een partijgenoot van Angela Merkel. Eveneens een pleitbezorgster van de stelling dat solidariteit gelijkstaat aan responsabilisering, niet alleen in eigen land maar ook tussen de Eurolanden.
Geldstromen bewerken
De tabel geeft de geldstromen aan in miljoenen euro's. De cijfers in het groen zijn van die landen die geld geven, het rood zijn de ontvangers.[2]
| Jahr | BE Berlijn |
BW Baden- Württemberg |
BY Beieren |
BB Branden- burg |
HB Bremen |
HH Hamburg |
HE Hessen |
MV Mecklenburg- Vorpommern |
NI Neder- saksen |
NW Noordrijn- Westfalen |
RP Rijnland- Pals |
SL Saarland |
SN Saksen |
ST Saksen- Anhalt |
SH Sleeswijk- Holstein |
TH Thüringen |
Volumen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | ./. | −33 | 18 | ./. | 0 | −17 | −14 | ./. | 41 | −65 | 18 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 53 | ./. | ± 130 |
| 1951 | ./. | −16 | 7 | ./. | 0 | −19 | −10 | ./. | 13 | −43 | 15 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 52 | ./. | ± 88 |
| 1952 | ./. | −23 | 8 | ./. | 0 | −21 | 0 | ./. | 29 | −69 | 17 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 59 | ./. | ± 113 |
| 1953 | ./. | −40 | 14 | ./. | 0 | −11 | 0 | ./. | 31 | −74 | 10 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 71 | ./. | ± 126 |
| 1954 | ./. | −41 | 20 | ./. | 0 | −17 | 0 | ./. | 37 | −77 | 9 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 69 | ./. | ± 135 |
| 1955 | ./. | −59 | 52 | ./. | −6 | −67 | −5 | ./. | 65 | −139 | 47 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 113 | ./. | ± 277 |
| 1956 | ./. | −72 | 56 | ./. | −18 | −82 | 0 | ./. | 92 | −169 | 61 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 131 | ./. | ± 341 |
| 1957 | ./. | −89 | 71 | ./. | −8 | −102 | −24 | ./. | 107 | −182 | 89 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 140 | ./. | ± 406 |
| 1958 | ./. | −61 | 113 | ./. | −6 | −136 | −37 | ./. | 136 | −249 | 115 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 124 | ./. | ± 489 |
| 1959 | ./. | −76 | 119 | ./. | −1 | −163 | −29 | ./. | 132 | −256 | 143 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 130 | ./. | ± 525 |
| 1960 | ./. | −55 | 95 | ./. | 0 | −113 | −35 | ./. | 133 | −265 | 131 | ./. | ./. | ./. | 109 | ./. | ± 468 |
| 1961 | ./. | −98 | 112 | ./. | 0 | −170 | −79 | ./. | 228 | −385 | 170 | 65 | ./. | ./. | 156 | ./. | ± 732 |
| 1962 | ./. | −141 | 117 | ./. | 0 | −193 | −98 | ./. | 251 | −370 | 178 | 74 | ./. | ./. | 182 | ./. | ± 802 |
| 1963 | ./. | −154 | 99 | ./. | 0 | −199 | −117 | ./. | 204 | −269 | 182 | 83 | ./. | ./. | 172 | ./. | ± 740 |
| 1964 | ./. | −183 | 119 | ./. | 0 | −184 | −159 | ./. | 220 | −252 | 166 | 90 | ./. | ./. | 182 | ./. | ± 778 |
| 1965 | ./. | −188 | 97 | ./. | 6 | −165 | −185 | ./. | 260 | −276 | 165 | 107 | ./. | ./. | 179 | ./. | ± 814 |
| 1966 | ./. | −222 | 72 | ./. | 5 | −181 | −210 | ./. | 256 | −208 | 180 | 113 | ./. | ./. | 195 | ./. | ± 821 |
| 1967 | ./. | −239 | 62 | ./. | −2 | −216 | −215 | ./. | 347 | −216 | 172 | 119 | ./. | ./. | 190 | ./. | ± 889 |
| 1968 | ./. | −220 | 51 | ./. | −1 | −246 | −224 | ./. | 313 | −190 | 185 | 131 | ./. | ./. | 201 | ./. | ± 881 |
| 1969 | ./. | −317 | 119 | ./. | −7 | −353 | −319 | ./. | 454 | −249 | 250 | 155 | ./. | ./. | 266 | ./. | ± 1.245 |
| 1970 | ./. | −161 | 76 | ./. | 46 | −150 | −148 | ./. | 208 | −162 | 117 | 73 | ./. | ./. | 102 | ./. | ± 621 |
| 1971 | ./. | −194 | 102 | ./. | 26 | −176 | −100 | ./. | 230 | −188 | 122 | 73 | ./. | ./. | 106 | ./. | ± 659 |
| 1972 | ./. | −303 | 91 | ./. | 37 | −158 | −158 | ./. | 312 | −176 | 149 | 80 | ./. | ./. | 126 | ./. | ± 795 |
| 1973 | ./. | −302 | 85 | ./. | 36 | −169 | −186 | ./. | 347 | −174 | 127 | 94 | ./. | ./. | 141 | ./. | ± 831 |
| 1974 | ./. | −260 | 177 | ./. | 28 | −260 | −164 | ./. | 380 | −293 | 153 | 100 | ./. | ./. | 139 | ./. | ± 977 |
| 1975 | ./. | −338 | 188 | ./. | 23 | −278 | −105 | ./. | 367 | −222 | 150 | 91 | ./. | ./. | 122 | ./. | ± 943 |
| 1976 | ./. | −368 | 170 | ./. | 26 | −277 | −98 | ./. | 393 | −258 | 174 | 100 | ./. | ./. | 138 | ./. | ± 1.001 |
| 1977 | ./. | −541 | 204 | ./. | 74 | −316 | −132 | ./. | 475 | −183 | 147 | 108 | ./. | ./. | 165 | ./. | ± 1.172 |
| 1978 | ./. | −556 | 153 | ./. | 79 | −299 | −241 | ./. | 453 | −62 | 182 | 110 | ./. | ./. | 181 | ./. | ± 1.158 |
| 1979 | ./. | −581 | 168 | ./. | 120 | −426 | −265 | ./. | 512 | 0 | 149 | 117 | ./. | ./. | 205 | ./. | ± 1.271 |
| 1980 | ./. | −769 | 206 | ./. | 91 | −160 | −152 | ./. | 385 | −39 | 126 | 147 | ./. | ./. | 165 | ./. | ± 1.120 |
| 1981 | ./. | −838 | 137 | ./. | 82 | −218 | −183 | ./. | 515 | 0 | 155 | 133 | ./. | ./. | 216 | ./. | ± 1.239 |
| 1982 | ./. | −915 | 83 | ./. | 122 | −220 | −143 | ./. | 577 | 0 | 142 | 134 | ./. | ./. | 219 | ./. | ± 1.278 |
| 1983 | ./. | −730 | 69 | ./. | 134 | −197 | −170 | ./. | 360 | 0 | 131 | 156 | ./. | ./. | 249 | ./. | ± 1.097 |
| 1984 | ./. | −747 | 21 | ./. | 159 | −151 | −294 | ./. | 427 | 0 | 145 | 170 | ./. | ./. | 268 | ./. | ± 1.191 |
| 1985 | ./. | −738 | 14 | ./. | 170 | −208 | −370 | ./. | 423 | 46 | 191 | 184 | ./. | ./. | 288 | ./. | ± 1.317 |
| 1986 | ./. | −891 | 25 | ./. | 228 | −101 | −400 | ./. | 437 | 0 | 194 | 195 | ./. | ./. | 314 | ./. | ± 1.393 |
| 1987 | ./. | −978 | 0 | ./. | 258 | −30 | −628 | ./. | 570 | 85 | 244 | 172 | ./. | ./. | 306 | ./. | ± 1.636 |
| 1988 | ./. | −982 | 0 | ./. | 262 | 0 | −736 | ./. | 807 | 15 | 159 | 170 | ./. | ./. | 305 | ./. | ± 1.718 |
| 1989 | ./. | −722 | −33 | ./. | 322 | −6 | −985 | ./. | 856 | −51 | 155 | 168 | ./. | ./. | 296 | ./. | ± 1.797 |
| 1990 | ./. | −1.264 | −18 | ./. | 327 | −4 | −739 | ./. | 985 | −32 | 250 | 187 | ./. | ./. | 308 | ./. | ± 2.057 |
| 1991 | ./. | −1.282 | −2 | ./. | 301 | −34 | −682 | ./. | 898 | −4 | 301 | 195 | ./. | ./. | 308 | ./. | ± 2.003 |
| 1992 | ./. | −770 | 28 | ./. | 262 | 0 | −942 | ./. | 661 | −2 | 338 | 219 | ./. | ./. | 206 | ./. | ± 1.714 |
| 1993 | ./. | −518 | −6 | ./. | 325 | 58 | −1.094 | ./. | 510 | 16 | 398 | 215 | ./. | ./. | 95 | ./. | ± 1.618 |
| 1994 | ./. | −210 | −342 | ./. | 291 | 31 | −935 | ./. | 490 | 80 | 336 | 222 | ./. | ./. | 37 | ./. | ± 1.487 |
| 1995 | 2.159 | −1.433 | −1.295 | 442 | 287 | −60 | −1.101 | 394 | 231 | −1.763 | 117 | 92 | 907 | 574 | −72 | 521 | ± 5.724 |
| 1996 | 2.217 | −1.289 | −1.463 | 529 | 325 | −246 | −1.657 | 438 | 283 | −1.598 | 118 | 120 | 1.005 | 635 | 8 | 576 | ± 6.253 |
| 1997 | 2.266 | −1.232 | −1.586 | 504 | 179 | −140 | −1.610 | 431 | 344 | −1.564 | 151 | 104 | 981 | 601 | −3 | 574 | ± 6.134 |
| 1998 | 2.501 | −1.778 | −1.486 | 534 | 466 | −314 | −1.758 | 448 | 403 | −1.583 | 219 | 117 | 1.020 | 617 | 0 | 595 | ± 6.920 |
| 1999 | 2.725 | −1.760 | −1.635 | 587 | 340 | −345 | −2.433 | 464 | 532 | −1.318 | 195 | 153 | 1.122 | 672 | 89 | 612 | ± 7.490 |
| 2000 | 2.812 | −1.957 | −1.884 | 644 | 442 | −556 | −2.734 | 500 | 568 | −1.141 | 392 | 167 | 1.182 | 711 | 185 | 670 | ± 8.273 |
| 2001 | 2.653 | −2.115 | −2.277 | 498 | 402 | −268 | −2.629 | 434 | 952 | −278 | 229 | 146 | 1.031 | 591 | 60 | 573 | ± 7.568 |
| 2002 | 2.677 | −1.663 | −2.047 | 541 | 407 | −197 | −1.910 | 439 | 487 | −1.628 | 419 | 139 | 1.047 | 607 | 112 | 571 | ± 7.445 |
| 2003 | 2.639 | −2.169 | −1.859 | 502 | 346 | −656 | −1.876 | 392 | 393 | −50 | 259 | 107 | 936 | 520 | 16 | 500 | ± 6.610 |
| 2004 | 2.703 | −2.170 | −2.315 | 534 | 331 | −578 | −1.529 | 403 | 446 | −213 | 190 | 116 | 930 | 532 | 102 | 517 | ± 6.804 |
| 2005 | 2.456 | −2.235 | −2.234 | 588 | 366 | −383 | −1.606 | 434 | 363 | −490 | 294 | 113 | 1.020 | 587 | 146 | 581 | ± 6.948 |
| 2006 | 2.709 | −2.057 | −2.093 | 611 | 417 | −623 | −2.418 | 475 | 240 | −132 | 346 | 115 | 1.078 | 590 | 124 | 617 | ± 7.322 |
| 2007 | 2.900 | −2.316 | −2.311 | 675 | 471 | −368 | −2.885 | 513 | 318 | −38 | 343 | 125 | 1.165 | 627 | 136 | 644 | ± 7.917 |
| 2008 | 3.139 | −2.499 | −2.923 | 621 | 505 | −371 | −2.470 | 538 | 317 | 54 | 374 | 116 | 1.158 | 627 | 177 | 637 | ± 8.264 |
| 2009 | 2.877 | −1.488 | −3.354 | 501 | 433 | −45 | −1.902 | 450 | 110 | −59 | 293 | 93 | 910 | 514 | 169 | 497 | ± 6.848 |
| 2010 | 2.900 | −1.709 | −3.511 | 401 | 445 | −66 | −1.752 | 399 | 259 | 354 | 267 | 89 | 854 | 497 | 101 | 472 | ± 7.038 |
| 2011 | 3.043 | −1.779 | −3.663 | 440 | 516 | −62 | −1.804 | 429 | 204 | 224 | 234 | 120 | 918 | 540 | 115 | 527 | ± 7.308 |
| Totaal (tot 2008) | |||||||||||||||||
| Tot. | 36.571 | −44.980 | −24.406 | 7.816 | 9.077 | −11.513 | −40.445 | 6.310 | 21.810 | −17.353 | 10.687 | 6.281 | 14.594 | 8.497 | 8.860 | 8.194 | |
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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