Beschrijving

Discussion

This figure shows the climate record of Lisiecki and Raymo (2005) [1] constructed by combining measurements from 57 globally distributed deep sea sediment cores. The measured quantity is oxygen isotope fractionation (δ¹⁸O) in benthic foraminifera, which serves as a proxy for the total global mass of glacial ice sheets.

Lisiecki and Raymo constructed this record by first applying a computer aided process of adjusting individual "wiggles" in each sediment core to have the same alignment (i.e. wiggle matching). Then the resulting stacked record is orbitally tuned by adjusting the positions of peaks and valleys to fall at times consistent with an orbitally driven ice model (see Milankovitch cycles). Both sets of these adjustments are constrained to be within known uncertainties on sedimentation rates and consistent with independently dated tie points (if any). Constructions of this kind are common. However, they assume that ice volume is driven by changes in insolation, and such data therefore cannot be used to establish the existence of such a relationship.

Many studies have produced evidence that the two strongest orbital cycles (obliquity, 41 kyr and precession, 26 kyr) probably do drive changes in ice volume. The data in the figure have been fitted to these periods and also to the longer, much weaker 100 kyr eccentricity cycle. Over the past ~1 million years there have been a number of very strong glacial maxima and minima, spaced by 80,000 - 120,000 years, but the evidence for orbital forcing of these events is less secure. It is likely that this ~100 kyr cycle is controlled by some other as yet unknown mechanism. For further discussion of orbital periodicities see Milankovitch cycles.

The observed isotope variations are very similar in shape to the temperature variations recorded at Vostok, Antarctica during the 420 kyr for which that record exists. Hence the right hand scale of the figure was established by fitting the reported temperature variations at Vostok (Petit et al. 1999) to the observed isotope variations. This temperature scale should be regarded as approximate and its magnitude only representative of the changes observed in the Vostok core. In particular, temperature changes at polar sites such as Vostok frequently exceed the changes observed in the tropics or in the global average. A horizontal line at 0 °C indicates modern temperatures (circa 1950).

References

• Lisiecki, Lorraine E.; Raymo, Maureen E. (January 2005). "A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d¹⁸O records" (PDF). Paleoceanography 20: PA1003. DOI:10.1029/2004PA001071.

• Supplement: Lisiecki, L. E.; Raymo, M. E. (2005). "Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of globally distributed benthic stable oxygen isotope records". Pangaea. DOI:10.1594/PANGAEA.704257.

• Lisiecki, L. E.; Raymo, M. E. (May 2005). "Correction to “A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d¹⁸O records”". Paleoceanography: PA2007. DOI:10.1029/2005PA001164.
• Petit, J. R.; Jouzel, J.; Raynaud, D.; Barkov, N. I.; Barnola, J. M.; Basile, I.; Bender, M.; Chappellaz, J.; Davis, J.; Delaygue, G.; Delmotte, M.; Kotlyakov, V. M.; Legrand, M.; Lipenkov, V.; Lorius, C.; Pépin, L.; Ritz, C.; Saltzman, E.; Stievenard, M. (1999). "Climate and Atmospheric History of the Past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica". Nature 399: 429-436. DOI:10.1038/20859.

Image from Global Warming Art

This image is an original work created for Global Warming Art. Please refer to the image description page for more information.

Toestemming wordt verleend voor het kopiëren, verspreiden en/of wijzigen van dit document onder de voorwaarden van de GNU-licentie voor vrije documentatie, versie 1.2 of enige latere versie als gepubliceerd door de Free Software Foundation; zonder Invariant Sections, zonder Front-Cover Texts, en zonder Back-Cover Texts. Een kopie van de licentie is opgenomen in de sectie GNU-licentie voor vrije documentatie.http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.htmlGFDLGNU Free Documentation Licensetruetrue

	Dit bestand is gelicenseerd onder de Creative Commons-licentie Naamsvermelding-Gelijk delen 3.0 Unported
	De gebruiker mag: Delen – het werk kopiëren, verspreiden en doorgeven Remixen – afgeleide werken maken Onder de volgende voorwaarden: naamsvermelding – U moet op een gepaste manier aan naamsvermelding doen, een link naar de licentie geven, en aangeven of er wijzigingen in het werk zijn aangebracht. U mag dit op elke redelijke manier doen, maar niet zodanig dat de indruk wordt gewekt dat de licentiegever instemt met uw werk of uw gebruik van zijn werk. Gelijk delen – Als u het werk heeft geremixt, veranderd, of erop heeft voortgebouwd, moet u het gewijzigde materiaal verspreiden onder dezelfde licentie als het oorspronkelijke werk, of een daarmee compatibele licentie.
	Deze licentietag is toegevoegd aan dit bestand in verband met de GFDL licentie-update.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/CC BY-SA 3.0Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0truetrue