Beschrijving

BeschrijvingBergman first role.jpg	English: Photo in first film Munkbrogreven (The Count of Monk's Bridge) 1934.
Datum	1934
Bron	Book: Notorious, by Donald Spoto, 1997
Auteur	Studio publicity still with unlisted photographer
Toestemming (Hergebruik van dit bestand)	Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse This Swedish photograph is in the public domain in Sweden because one of the following applies: The photograph does not reach the Swedish threshold of originality (common for snapshots and journalistic photos) and was created before 1 January 1974 (SFS 1960:729, § 49a). The photograph was published anonymously before 1 January 1954 and the author did not reveal their identity during the following 70 years (SFS 1960:729, § 44). For photos in the first category created before 1969, also {{PD-1996}} usually applies. For photos in the second category published before 1929, also {{PD-US-expired}} usually applies. If the photographer died before 1954, {{PD-old-70}} should be used instead of this tag. If the author died before 1926, also {{PD-1996}} usually applies. Je dient ook een Amerikaans publiek domein-tag in te voegen om aan te geven waarom dit werk zich in het publiek domein bevindt in de Verenigde Staten. Merk op dat enkele landen een auteursrechtentermijn hebben die langer is dan 70 jaar: Mexico heeft een termijn van 100 jaar, Jamaica 95 jaar, Colombia 80 jaar, en Guatemala en Samoa 75 jaar. Deze afbeelding kan mogelijk zich niet in het publiek domein bevinden in deze landen, die bovendien niet de regel van de kortere termijn hanteren. Auteursrechten kunnen langer berusten op werken gemaakt door Fransen die voor Frankrijk stierven in de Tweede Wereldoorlog (meer informatie), Russen die dienden aan het oostfront van de Tweede Wereldoorlog (bekend als de Grote Patriottische Oorlog in Rusland) en postuum gerehabiliteerde Russen (meer informatie).

Licentie

This Swedish photograph is in the public domain in Sweden because one of the following applies: The photograph does not reach the Swedish threshold of originality (common for snapshots and journalistic photos) and was created before 1 January 1974 (SFS 1960:729, § 49a). The photograph was published anonymously before 1 January 1954 and the author did not reveal their identity during the following 70 years (SFS 1960:729, § 44). For photos in the first category created before 1969, also {{PD-1996}} usually applies. For photos in the second category published before 1929, also {{PD-US-expired}} usually applies. If the photographer died before 1954, {{PD-old-70}} should be used instead of this tag. If the author died before 1926, also {{PD-1996}} usually applies. Je dient ook een Amerikaans publiek domein-tag in te voegen om aan te geven waarom dit werk zich in het publiek domein bevindt in de Verenigde Staten. Merk op dat enkele landen een auteursrechtentermijn hebben die langer is dan 70 jaar: Mexico heeft een termijn van 100 jaar, Jamaica 95 jaar, Colombia 80 jaar, en Guatemala en Samoa 75 jaar. Deze afbeelding kan mogelijk zich niet in het publiek domein bevinden in deze landen, die bovendien niet de regel van de kortere termijn hanteren. Auteursrechten kunnen langer berusten op werken gemaakt door Fransen die voor Frankrijk stierven in de Tweede Wereldoorlog (meer informatie), Russen die dienden aan het oostfront van de Tweede Wereldoorlog (bekend als de Grote Patriottische Oorlog in Rusland) en postuum gerehabiliteerde Russen (meer informatie).

Additional source information: This is a publicity photo taken to promote a film actor. As stated by film production expert Eve Light Honthaner in The Complete Film Production Handbook, (Focal Press, 2001 p. 211.):

"Publicity photos have traditionally not been copyrighted. Since they are disseminated to the public, they are generally considered public domain, and therefore clearance by the studio that produced them is not necessary."

Nancy Wolff, includes a similar explanation:

"There is a vast body of photographs, including but not limited to publicity stills, that have no notice as to who may have created them." (The Professional Photographer's Legal Handbook By Nancy E. Wolff, Allworth Communications, 2007, p. 55.)

Film industry author Gerald Mast, in Film Study and the Copyright Law (1989) p. 87, writes:

"According to the old copyright act, such production stills were not automatically copyrighted as part of the film and required separate copyrights as photographic stills. The new copyright act similarly excludes the production still from automatic copyright but gives the film's copyright owner a five-year period in which to copyright the stills. Most studios have never bothered to copyright these stills because they were happy to see them pass into the public domain, to be used by as many people in as many publications as possible."

Kristin Thompson, committee chairperson of the Society for Cinema and Media Studies archief kopie op de Wayback Machine writes in the conclusion of a 1993 conference with cinema scholars and editors, that they "expressed the opinion that it is not necessary for authors to request permission to reproduce frame enlargements. . . [and] some trade presses that publish educational and scholarly film books also take the position that permission is not necessary for reproducing frame enlargements and publicity photographs."[1] archief kopie op de Wayback Machine

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