English: Figure: (a) Arterial-ventricular interaction model. The arterial system is modeled by a three-element windkessel model, consisting of characteristic impedance (Z0), peripheral vascular resistance (Rp) and arterial compliance (Ca). The heart is modeled using a time-varying elastance model, with elastance function constructed using a normalized elastance curve18 as depicted in (b). A pressure–volume loop with the major ventricular parameters is shown in (c). Examples of simulated pulmonary artery pressure Pa(t) and right ventricular pressure PRV(t) are shown in (d). Ees = end-systolic elastance; Eed = end-diastolic elastance; V0 = intercept volume; Pv = venous filling pressure; Rv = venous resistance; tes = time to reach end-systolic elastance; ted = time to reach end-diastolic elastance; Vs = stroke volume; Pmax = maximum isovolumic pressure(Kind T, Faes TJ, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Westerhof N - Cardiovasc Eng Technol (2010))