Munitie: verschil tussen versies

 

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*Small projectiles, like those fired from [[rifle]]s and [[handgun]]s (collectively known as small arms), are called [[bullet]]s.

*A "round" is a unit of ammunition per person firing; for small arms this is the combination of bullet, propellant, primer and cartridge case.

*[[Dud]]s are ammunition that fail to work as intended.

 

The design of the ammunition is determined by its purpose; anti-personnel ammunition is often designed to break up or tumble inside the target, in order to maximize the damage done. Anti-personnel shells contain [[shrapnel]] and are designed to explode in mid-air, so its fragments will spread over a large area. Armor-piercing ammunition tends to be hard, sharp, and narrow, often with [[lubrication]]. Incendiary projectiles include a material such as [[phosphorus|white phosphorus]] which burns fiercely. [[Tracer ammunition|Tracer]] ammunition emits light as it travels, allowing the gunner to see the path of bullets in flight while using a [[machine gun]].

 

* [[cartridge (weaponry)|cartridges]]

 

[[Bestand:M60andsoldierwithammoinnam.jpg|thumb|250px|A soldier mans an [[M60 machine gun]], linked 7.62 mm rounds are draped over the tree]]

 

The number and nature of rounds allotted to any fortress depends on questions of [[policy]] and location, the degrees of resistance the nature of the works and personnel could reasonably be expected to give, and finally on the nature of the armament. That is to say, for guns of large calibre three hundred to four hundred rounds per gun might be sufficient, while for light QF guns it might amount to one thousand or more rounds per gun.

 

Modern ammunition includes not only shells for tube artillery and [[mortar (weapon)|mortars]], but increasingly aircraft-delivered [[bombs]], [[smart bombs]], [[rockets]] and other explosive-bearing projectiles. The destructive power and lethality of these systems is difficult to appreciate. A single [[cluster bomb]], deliverable by any of the above systems, can sow grenade-sized bomblets across a 100 yard (90m) [[football]]-sized field in sufficient density to kill any persons present, even in trenches and wearing body armor.

 

See [[ammo dump]] for discussion of modern ammunition storage facilities.

 

With every successive improvement in military arms there has necessarily been a corresponding modification in the method of supplying ammunition and in the quantity required to be supplied. When hand-to-hand weapons were the principal implements of battle, there was no such need. But in the [[Middle Ages]], the [[archery|archers]] and crossbowmen had to replenish the shafts and bolts expended in action, and during a [[siege]], [[rock (geology)|stone]] bullets of great size, as well as heavy [[arrow]]s, were freely used. The [[missile]]s of those days were however interchangeable, and at the [[battle of Towton]] ([[1461]]), part of the [[War of the Roses]], the commander of the [[York]]ist archers induced the enemy to fire arrows in order to obtain them for firing back. This interchangeability of war material was even possible for many centuries after the invention of firearms. At the [[battle of Liegnitz]] ([[1760]]) a general officer was specially commissioned by [[Frederick the Great]] to pack up and send away, for [[Prussia]]n use, all the [[musket]]s and ammunition left on the field of battle by the defeated [[Austria]]ns.

 

Other nations, especially forces with former ties to the [[Soviet Union]] tend to use rifles related to or devleoped from the [[AK-47]] with similar sized rounds to the NATO ones.

 

The tank made horse mounted cavalry obsolete and while an infantryman could deal with a horse-borne enemy new weapons were needed to damage a tank or other vehicle or penetrate and wound the crew. The first anti-tank weapons given to infantry were based on small arms, for example the [[anti-tank rifle]]. As even the lighter designs of tank carried more armour the limit of a man-portable rifle that could fire a round with sufficient kinetic energy to penetrate the armour was reached. The introduction of the [[shaped charge]] warhead gave the infantry a weapon that used chemical energy rather than kinetic to beat the armour and in a focussed way which made them more effective than large grenades. When propelled by a rocket, the shaped charge gained range as well. Weapons such as the Bazooka or Panzerfaust were never small but they were suitable for infantry use - though they often had to be used at close range where they could be aimed accurately at the vehicles weak points. Post World War 2, the advent of the missile delivered both great range and accuracy and provided infantry with a weapon that could reliably destroy the heaviest tanks at long distances.

 

Today's infantryman can deploy sophisticated multi-spectral man-portable surface-to-air missiles equipped with the ability to reject decoys and defeat counter-measures. In Somalia it was demonstrated that slow moving/stationary aircraft at low altitudes could be defeated with unguided anti-armour infantry weapons. It is also true that aircraft are relatively delicate machines, filled with highly flammable fuel, and since their first usage in World War I a plane can be brought down by single bullet striking something vital. The main weaknesses of ammunition provided to infantry to deal with aircraft are limited range and small warheads, both due to the necessity that such weapons remain portable by men on foot. The premier SAM for infantry is the FIM-92 Stinger MANPADS (Man Portable Air Defence System), provided as an all-up round in a canister it is attached to a launcher unit and is ready to expend. Numerous other missiles in this class exist from different nations of origin. Infantry machine guns and rifles may improve their ability against aircraft by utilising tracer ammunition, to allow the aimer to better gauge the lead aim necessary to strike his target. Weapons developed primarily for anti-tank roles can add proximity fusing to increase the probability of a kill by having the warhead detonate nearby the target with having to make contact.

 

Current tank gun ammunition is a single fixed round ("shell" and charge combined in a single piece) for quick load, the charge is in a combustible case - so there is no empty cartridge to be removed and stored in the turret and the "shell" is a saboted shot, a shaped charge or sensor fuzed warhead.

 

The ranges at which engagements are conducted by warships are typically much greater than that at which land warfare is observed. The targets are also generally machines, not men. Naval ammunition is therefore optimized for great velocity (to reach those great ranges, to hit aircraft flying at altitude and also with the benefit of reducing the lead that has to be applied to hit a distant moving target) and to disable said machines, rather than rending human flesh. Naval gun ammunition of WWII vintage came in two main varieties, armour piercing shells to attack hardened warships or [[high explosive incendiary]] shells (with point detonating fuzes to start fires on ships, or mechanical time fuzes designed to fragment and create clouds of shrapnel to defeat aircraft). With the demise of the armoured warship, contemporary naval gun ammunition is solely the high explosive variety, but new fuzing and guidance options are available to increase lethality, especially against high speed missile or aircraft threats.

 

Common artillery fuzes include point detonating, delay, time, and [[Proximity fuze|proximity (variable time)]]. Point detonating fuzes detonate upon contact with the ground. Delay fuzes are designed to penetrate a short distance before detonating. Time fuzes, as the name implies, detonate a certain time after being fired in order to achieve an air burst above the target. Time fuzes are set to the tenth of a second. [[Proximity fuze|Proximity or variable time fuzes]] contain a simple radio [[transceiver]] activated a set time after firing to detonate the projectile when the signal reflected from the ground reaches a certain strength, designed to be 7 meters above the ground. Fuzes are armed by the rotation of the projectile imparted by the rifling in the tube, and usually arm after a few hundred rotations.

 

* [[List of rifle cartridges]]

* [[List of handgun cartridges]]